모스크바

모스크바
수도 연방 도시
Москва
하향식, 왼쪽에서 오른쪽 : 세인트 바실 성당 및 Spasskaya 타워 에서 붉은 광장 ; 구세주 그리스도 대성당 ; 볼쇼이 극장 ; 주요 건물 의 MSU ; 모스크바 크렘린 과 모스크바 강 ; MIBC
깃발 팔의 외투
Anthem : " My Moscow "
좌표 : 55 ° 45′21 ″ N 37 ° 37′2 ″ E / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722 좌표 : 55 ° 45′21 ″ N 37 ° 37′2 ″ E  / 55.75583°N 37.61722°E / 55.75583; 37.61722
국가	러시아
연방 지구	중앙 [1]
경제 지역	중앙 [2]
설립	1147 [3]
정부
• 신체	시티 두마 [4]
•  시장 [5]	세르게이 소비 아닌 [5]
지역 [6]
• 합계	2,511km 2 (970 평방 마일)
지역 순위	83 위
인구
• 견적  (2018) [7]	12,506,468
• 순위	1 위
시간대	UTC + 3 ( MSK  [8] )
ISO 3166 코드	RU-MOW
번호판	77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799
OKTMO ID	45000000
공식 언어	러시아어 [9]
웹 사이트	mos.ru

모스크바 ( / m ɒ 의 K oʊ / , / m ɒ 의 K aʊ / ; ^{[10] [11]} 러시아어 : Москва , . 그럴 모스크바 , IPA는 :  [mɐskva] ( 듣기 ) )이있다 자본 과 큰 도시 의 러시아 . 이 도시는 중앙 러시아 의 모스크바 강 에 자리 잡고 있으며 인구는 도시 경계 내에 1,240 만 명으로 추정됩니다. ^[12]도시 지역 주민 1,700 만 명, ^[13] , 수도권 주민 2 천만 명 이상 . ^[14] 도시의 면적은 2,511 평방 킬로미터 (970 평방 마일)이고, 도시 지역은 5,891 평방 킬로미터 (2,275 평방 마일), ^[13] , 대도시 면적은 26,000 평방 킬로미터 (10,000 평방 마일) 이상입니다. ^[14] 모스크바는 세계에서 가장 큰 도시 중 하나 이며, 유럽 에서 가장 큰 도시 , 유럽 에서 가장 큰 도시 지역 , ^[13] 유럽 에서 가장 큰 대도시 지역 , ^[14] 유럽 ​​대륙에서 육지 면적 기준으로 가장 큰 도시입니다. .^[15]

원래 1147 년에 설립 된 모스크바는 그 이름을 딴 대공국 의 수도 역할을 한 번영하고 강력한 도시로 성장했습니다 . 모스크바 대공국이 러시아의 차르 국으로 발전했을 때 , 모스크바는 여전히 대부분의 차르 국 역사에서 정치 및 경제 중심지로 남아있었습니다. 차르 국이 러시아 제국 으로 개혁되었을 때 수도는 모스크바에서 상트 페테르부르크 로 옮겨져 도시의 영향력이 줄어 들었습니다. 수도는 10 월 혁명 이후 모스크바로 다시 옮겨졌고 도시는 러시아 SFSR 의 정치 중심지로 다시 돌아 왔고 소련 은 소련 으로 돌아갔다 . 의 여파로소비에트 연방의 해체 , 모스크바는 현재와 새로 설립 된 러시아 연방 의 수도로 남아 있었다 .

세계에서 가장 북쪽에 있고 가장 추운 대도시 이자 8 세기에 걸친 역사를 지닌 모스크바는 러시아와 동유럽 의 정치, 경제, 문화 및 과학 중심지 역할을 하는 연방 도시 로 통치됩니다 . AS를 알파 세계 도시 , ^[16] 모스크바는 세계 중 하나가 가장 큰 도시 경제를 , 그리고 중 하나입니다 세계에서 가장 비싼 도시 . 이 도시는 세계에서 가장 빠르게 성장하는 관광지 중 하나이며 ^[17] 유럽에서 가장 많이 방문하는 도시 중 하나입니다 . 모스크바에는 세 번째로 많은 억만 장자가 있습니다.세계 어느 도시의 어느 도시보다도, ^[18] 유럽에서 가장 많은 억만 장자가 있습니다. 모스크바 국제 비즈니스 센터는 가장 큰 중 하나입니다 금융 센터 유럽과 세계, 그리고 일부 기능 유럽에서 가장 높은 마천루 . Muscovites는 유럽의 어느 곳보다 공공 디지털 서비스, ^[19] 및 세계 최고의 전자 정부 서비스를 즐깁니다 . ^[20] 모스크바는 1980 년 하계 올림픽 개최 도시이자 2018 FIFA 월드컵 개최 도시 중 하나입니다 . ^[21]

러시아의 역사적인 핵심 인 모스크바는 다양한 박물관, 학술 및 정치 기관 및 극장이 있기 때문에 수많은 러시아 예술가, 과학자 및 스포츠 인물의 고향입니다. 이 도시는 여러 유네스코 세계 문화 유산의 본거지 이며 러시아 건축물 , 특히 역사적인 붉은 광장 과 성 바실리 대성당 과 모스크바 크렘린 과 같은 건물 이 전시 된 것으로 잘 알려져 있습니다. 러시아 정부의 권력 . 모스크바는 다양한 산업 분야의 많은 러시아 기업의 본거지 이며 다음을 포함하는 포괄적 인 교통 네트워크를 통해 서비스를 제공합니다.4 개의 국제 공항 , 9 개의 철도 터미널, 트램 시스템 , 모노레일 시스템 , 그리고 특히 유럽에서 가장 분주 한 지하철 시스템이자 세계에서 가장 큰 고속 교통 시스템 중 하나 인 모스크바 지하철 이 있습니다. 이 도시는 영토의 40 % 이상이 녹지로 덮여있어 유럽과 세계에서 가장 녹색 도시 중 하나입니다. ^{[15] [22]}

어원 [ 편집 ]

The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River.^[23][24] There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river. Finno-Ugric Merya and Muroma people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river supposedly Mustajoki, in English: Black river. It has been suggested that the name of the city derives from this term.^[25][26]

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from the Proto-Indo-European *meu- "wet",^[24][27][28] so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh.^[23] Its cognates include Russian: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian: mazgoti and Latvian: mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit: májjati "to drown", 라틴어 : mergō "to dip, immerse". ^{[23] [27]} 많은 슬라브 국가에서 Moskov는 불가리아 , 러시아, 우크라이나 및 북 마케도니아 에서 가장 흔한 성 입니다. ^[29] 도 유사한 지명이 존재 폴란드 와 같은 Mozgawa을 . ^{[23] [24] [27]}

이름의 원래 늙은 러시아 형식은 * Москы , * Mosky , ^{[23] [24]} 로 재구성 되었으므로 몇 가지 슬라브어 ū- stem 명사 중 하나였습니다 . 그 쇠퇴의 다른 명사들과 마찬가지로, 언어 발달의 초기 단계에서 형태 학적 변형을 겪고 있었기 때문에 12 세기에 처음으로 기록 된 언급은 Московь , Moskovĭ ( 고발 사건 ), Москви , Moskvi ( locative case ), Москвe / Москвѣ , Moskve / Moskvě ( 속격).^[23][24] From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, which is a result of morphological generalisation with the numerous Slavic ā-stem nouns.

그러나 양식 Moskovĭ는 : 영어와 많은 다른 언어에 어떤 흔적을 남겼습니다 모스크바 , 독일어 : 모스크바 , 프랑스어 : Moscou , 그루지야어 : მოსკოვი , 라트비아어 : Maskava , 오스만 터키어 : Moskov , 바슈키르어 : Мәскәү , 타타르어 : Mäskäw , 카자흐어 : Мәскеу , Mäskew , Chuvash : Мускав , Muskav등. 비슷한 방식으로 라틴어 이름 인 Moscovia 가 만들어졌고 나중에 16 ~ 17 세기에 서유럽에서 사용 된 러시아의 구어체 이름이되었습니다. 그것으로부터 또한 영어 Muscovy 와 muscovite 가 나왔습니다 . ^[30]

과학적 근거가 거의 없거나 전혀없는 다양한 다른 이론 ( 켈트족 , 이란 , 코카서스 어 )은 현재 현대 언어 학자에 의해 대부분 거부됩니다. ^{[23] [24]}

다른 이름 [ 편집 ]

Moscow has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome (Третий Рим), the Whitestone One (Белокаменная), the First Throne (Первопрестольная), the Forty Soroks (Сорок Сороков) ("sorok" meaning both "forty, a great many" and "a district or parish" in Old Russian). Moscow is also one of the twelve Hero Cities. The demonym for a Moscow resident is "москвич" (moskvich) for male or "москвичка" (moskvichka) for female, rendered in English as Muscovite. The name "Moscow" is abbreviated "MSK" (МСК in Russian).^{[citation needed]}

History[edit]

Prehistory[edit]

Archaeological digs show that the site of today's Moscow and the surrounding area have been inhabited since time immemorial. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture, which experts assign to the Neolithic period, the last phase of the Stone Age.^[31]

그들은 그 지역의 첫 번째 주민이 사냥꾼과 채집가임을 확인합니다. 서기 950 년경에 두 슬라브 부족 인 Vyatichi 와 Krivichi가 이곳에 정착했습니다. 아마도 Vyatichi는 모스크바 원주민 인구의 핵심을 형성했을 것입니다. ^[32]

초기 역사 (1147–1283) [ 편집 ]

모스크바에 대한 최초의 언급은 1147 년 유리 돌고 루키 와 스 비아 토 슬라브 올고 비치 의 만남의 장소로 거슬러 올라 갑니다 . 당시에는 블라디미르-수 즈달 공국의 서쪽 경계에있는 작은 마을이었습니다. 연대기에는 "오빠, 모스코 프로 오라"( Приди ко мне, брате, во Москов ) ^[33]

1156 년에 Knyaz Yury Dolgoruky 는 목재 울타리와 해자로 마을을 강화했습니다. 몽골의 Rus 침공 과정 에서 Batu Khan이 지배하는 몽골 인들은 도시를 불 태우고 주민들을 죽였습니다. ^{[ 인용 필요 ]}

목재 요새 na Moskvě "모스크바 강"은 1260 년대 에 알렉산더 네프 스키 의 막내 아들 인 다니엘 이 그의 아버지의 소유물 중에서 가장 가치가없는 것으로 간주되었습니다. 다니엘은 그 당시에도 여전히 어린 아이 였고, 큰 요새는 다니엘의 부계 삼촌 인 트 베리의 야로슬라프가 임명 한 티운 (대리인) 이 관리했습니다 . ^{[ 인용 필요 ]}

다니엘은 1270 년대에 성년이되어 공국의 권력 투쟁에 참여하여 지속적인 성공을 거두었으며, 노브 고로드 의 통치를위한 그의 동생 드미트리 편 을 들었습니다 . 1283 년부터 그는 블라디미르 대공이 된 드미트리와 함께 독립 공국의 통치자로 활동했습니다. 다니엘은 주님의 주현절과 성 다니엘에게 헌정 된 최초의 모스크바 수도원을 세운 것으로 알려져 있습니다. ^[34]

대공국 (1283–1547) [ 편집 ]

다니엘은 1303 년까지 모스크바를 대공으로 통치했고 1320 년대까지 블라디미르의 모국 공국을 능가 할 번영하는 도시로 건설했습니다.

크렘린에서 5 마일 (8.0km) 떨어진 모스크바 강 오른쪽 기슭에 늦어도 1282 년 이전에 Daniel은 목조 교회 인 St. Daniel-Stylite (현재 Danilov)와 함께 최초의 수도원을 세웠습니다. 수도원. 다니엘은 1303 년 42 세의 나이로 사망했습니다. 그는 죽기 전에 수도사가되었고 그의 뜻에 따라 성 다니엘 수도원의 공동 묘지에 묻혔습니다.

모스크바는 수년 동안 상당히 안정적이고 번영했으며 러시아 전역에서 많은 난민을 끌어 들였습니다. Rurikids는 원시 시대를 실행 하여 모든 토지를 모든 아들에게 나누는 대신 큰 아들에게 넘겨 줌으로써 큰 ​​토지를 유지 했습니다. 1304 년 모스크바의 유리 는 블라디미르 공국의 왕좌를 놓고 트 베리의 미하일과 경쟁했다 . 이반 1 세는 결국 트 베리 를 물리 치고 몽골 통치자들의 유일한 세금 징수 원이 되어 모스크바를 블라디미르-수 즈달 의 수도로 만들었습니다 . 높은 경의를 표함으로써 Ivan은 Khan 으로부터 중요한 양보를 얻었습니다 .

While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and 시베리아 및 기타 여러 나라의 일부.

1462 년 이반 3 세 (1440-1505)는 모스크바의 대왕 (당시 중세 Muscovy 국가의 일부)이되었습니다. 그는 Tatars와 싸우기 시작했고 Muscovy의 영토를 확장했으며 수도를 풍요롭게했습니다. 1500 년까지 인구는 100,000 명으로 세계에서 가장 큰 도시 중 하나가되었습니다. 그는 적대적인 리투아니아 인들과 동맹을 맺은 북부의 훨씬 더 큰 노브 고로드 공국을 정복했습니다. 그리하여 그는 영토를 430,000에서 2,800,000 제곱 킬로미터 (170,000에서 1,080,000 제곱 마일)로 7 배로 확장했습니다. 그는 고대 " 노브 고로드 크로니클 "을 장악 하고 정권을위한 선전 수단으로 삼았습니다. ^{[35] [36]}

The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy, such as Petrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.

무역 정착지 또는 posad 는 Zaradye (Зарядье) 로 알려진 지역의 크렘린 동쪽에서 자랐습니다 . Ivan III 시대에 원래 Hollow Field (Полое поле)라는 이름의 붉은 광장이 나타났습니다.

1508 ~ 1516 년 이탈리아 건축가 Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) 은 동부 벽 앞에 해자 건설을 계획했습니다.이 벽은 Moskva 와 Neglinnaya를 연결 하고 Neglinnaya의 물로 채워집니다. Alevizov 해자로 알려진이 해자는 길이 541 미터 (1,775 피트), 너비 36 미터 (118 피트), 깊이 9.5 ~ 13 미터 (31 ~ 43 피트)에 석회암이 늘어서 있습니다. 1533 년, 낮은 4 미터 두께 (13 피트) 톱니 모양 벽돌 벽으로 양쪽에 울타리가 있습니다.

Tsardom (1547–1721)[edit]

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow, burning everything except the Kremlin.^[37] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy, Danilov, Simonov, Novospasskiy, and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The limits of the city as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring.

Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.

1601 ~ 03 년 의 러시아 기근으로 모스크바에서 약 10 만 명이 사망했습니다. 1610 년부터 1612 년까지 폴란드-리투아니아 연방군 이 모스크바를 점령했으며, 통치자 시지 문트 3 세가 러시아 왕좌를 차지하려했습니다. 1612 년, 드미트리 포 자르 스키 왕자 와 쿠즈 마 미닌 이 지휘하는 니즈니 노브 고로드 와 다른 러시아 도시 의 사람들은 폴란드 거주자들에 대항 하여 크렘린을 포위하고 추방했습니다 . 1613 년 Zemsky sobor 는 Michael Romanov 차르를 선출 하여 Romanov 왕조를 세웠습니다.. The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.

During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. It is estimated, that in the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, practically all of them being driven from their homeland to Moscow by Muscovite invaders.^[38] By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda, after Ruthenian meshchane "마을 사람들". meshchane (мещане) 이라는 용어 는 18 세기 러시아에서 경멸적인 의미를 얻었으며 오늘날에는 "소부르주아"또는 "좁은 마음의 속물"을 의미합니다. ^[39]

도시 성벽 밖에서 자란 slobodas 를 포함하여 17 세기 후반의 전체 도시 는 오늘날 모스크바의 중앙 행정 Okrug에 포함되어 있습니다.

도시에 수많은 재난이 닥쳤습니다. 전염병 전염병은 1,570에서 1,571 사이, 1592 및 1654-1656 년 모스크바를 황폐. ^[40] 전염병은 1654 ~ 55 년에 80 % 이상의 사람들을 죽였습니다. 1626 년과 1648 년에 나무로 된 도시의 많은 부분이 불에 탔습니다. ^[41] 1712 년 피터 대왕 은 그의 정부를 발트해 연안에 새로 지어진 상트 페테르부르크 로 옮겼습니다 . 모스크바는 1728 년부터 1732 년까지 최고 사원 회의 의 영향을받은 짧은 기간을 제외하고는 러시아의 수도가되었습니다 .

제국 (1721–1917) [ 편집 ]

제국의 수도로서의 지위를 잃은 후 모스크바 인구는 처음에 17 세기의 20 만에서 1750 년에 130,000으로 감소했습니다. 그러나 1750 년 이후에 인구는 러시아 제국의 남은 기간 동안 10 배 이상 증가하여 1915 년까지 180 만 명. 1770-1772 년 러시아 전염병 으로 모스크바에서 최대 100,000 명이 사망했습니다. ^[42]

1700 년에 자갈길 건설이 시작되었습니다. 1730 년 11 월 영구 가로등이 도입되었고 1867 년에는 많은 거리에 가스등이 설치되었습니다. 1883 년 Prechistinskiye Gates 근처에 아크 램프가 설치되었습니다. 1741 년 모스크바는 40 킬로미터 길이의 바리케이드 인 Kamer-Kollezhskiy 장벽으로 둘러싸여 있으며, 세관 통행료가 징수 된 16 개의 게이트가 있습니다. 그것의 선은 오늘날 val 이라고 불리는 많은 거리에 의해 추적됩니다.( "ramparts"). 1781 년과 1804 년 사이에 Mytischinskiy 수도관 (러시아 최초)이 건설되었습니다. 1813 년 프랑스 점령 기간 동안 도시의 대부분이 파괴 된 후 모스크바 도시 건설위원회가 설립되었습니다. 그것은 도시 중심의 부분적인 재 계획을 포함하여 훌륭한 재건 프로그램을 시작했습니다. 이시기에 건축되거나 재건 된 많은 건물 중에는 그랜드 크렘린 궁전 과 크렘린 무기고 , 모스크바 대학 , 모스크바 마네 지 (승마 학교), 볼쇼이 극장이 있었습니다. 1903 년에 Moskvoretskaya 급수가 완료되었습니다.

19 세기 초, Konstantino-Elenensky 문 아치는 벽돌로 포장되었지만 Spassky Gate는 크렘린의 정문이었으며 왕실 입구로 사용되었습니다. 이 문에서 나무와 (17 세기 개량 이후) 석조 다리가 해자를 가로 질러 뻗어 있습니다. 이 다리에서 책이 팔렸고 "라스 카트"라는 총을 위해 근처에 석재 플랫폼이 세워졌습니다. 차르 캐논은 의 플랫폼에 위치한 Lobnoye 메스토 .

모스크바와 상트 페테르부르크를 연결하는 도로 (현재 M10 고속도로 )는 1746 년에 완성되었으며, 모스크바 는 16 세기부터 존재했던 오래된 트 베리 도로를 따라 끝납니다 . 1780 년대에 포장 된 후 Peterburskoye Schosse 로 알려지게되었습니다 . Petrovsky Palace 는 Matvey Kazakov에 의해 1776 ~ 1780 년에 지어졌습니다 .

1812 년 나폴레옹 이 러시아를 침공 했을 때 모스크바 사람들은 대피했습니다. 모스크바 화재 는 주로 러시아 사보타주의 영향으로 추정된다 . 나폴레옹의 Grande Armée 는 퇴각을 강요 당했고 러시아의 끔찍한 겨울과 러시아 군대의 산발적 인 공격으로 거의 전멸했습니다. 이 기간 동안 40 만 명의 나폴레옹 군인이 사망했습니다. ^[43]

Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi. The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.

1830 년대에 알렉산더 바실 로프 장군 은 페트로프 스키 궁전 북쪽에있는 도시 거리의 첫 번째 정규 그리드를 계획했습니다. 고속도로 남쪽의 Khodynka 필드 는 군사 훈련에 사용되었습니다. 스몰 렌스키 기차역 (현재 벨로루 스키 철도 터미널의 선구자 )은 1870 년에 개통되었습니다. 18 세기에 모스크바 외곽에있는 차르의 매 사냥꾼의 고향 인 소콜 니키 공원 은 19 세기 후반에 확장 된 도시와 인접하게되었습니다. 1878 년에 공공 공원이되었습니다. 교외 Savyolovsky 철도 터미널 은 1902 년에 지어졌습니다. 1905 년 1 월,시 주지사 또는 시장 의 기관, 공식적으로 모스크바에서 소개되었고 Alexander Adrianov는 모스크바의 첫 공식 시장이되었습니다.

1762 년 캐서린 2 세가 집권 했을 때 도시의 오물과 하수 냄새는 최근 농장에서 도착한 하층 러시아인의 무질서한 생활 방식의 증상으로 관찰자들에 의해 묘사되었습니다. 엘리트들은 사회 생활에 대한 통제력을 높이기위한 캐서린의 계획의 일부가 된 위생 개선을 요구했습니다. 1812 년부터 1855 년까지의 국가적 정치 및 군사적 성공은 비평가들을 진정시키고 더욱 계몽되고 안정적인 사회를 만들기위한 노력을 입증했습니다. 냄새와 공중 보건의 열악한 조건에 대한 이야기는 거의 없었습니다. 그러나 1855 ~ 56 년 크림 전쟁에서 러시아가 실패한 이후 빈민가에서 질서를 유지할 수있는 국가의 능력에 대한 신뢰가 약화되었고, 공중 보건 개선에 대한 요구가 다시 의제에 포함되었습니다. ^[44]

Soviet period (1917–1991)[edit]

External video
Song from the Soviet "New Moscow" film

Following the success of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd to Moscow on March 12, 1918.^[45] The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.

공산주의 이데올로기가 부과하는 가치의 변화와 함께 문화 유산 보존의 전통이 깨졌다. 독립 보존 사회, 모스크바에 기반을 둔 OIRU와 같은 세속적 랜드 마크 만 방어했던 사회조차 1920 년대 말에 해체되었습니다. 농민 집단화와 동시에 1929 년에 시작된 새로운 반종교 캠페인; 도시의 교회 파괴는 1932 년경에 최고조에 달했습니다. 1937 년 소련 공산당 중앙위원회에 모스크바의 이름을 "스탈린 다르"또는 "스탈 리노 다르"로 바꾸라 는 편지가 여러 개 썼습니다. live in Stalinodar "는 스탈린 천재의"선물 "(dar)을 나타내는 이름을 선택했습니다. ^[46] Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov, he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for”?. This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936.^[47]

During the World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow. 많은 공장들이 정부와 함께 철수했고, 10 월 20 일부터 도시는 포위 공격 상태로 선포되었습니다. 남아있는 주민들은 대전차 방어 시설을 구축하고 유인했고, 도시는 공중에서 폭격을 받았습니다. 1944 년 5 월 1 일에는 "모스크바 방어를위한"메달이, 1947 년에는 "모스크바 800 주년을 기념하여"메달이 제정되었습니다.

Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army.^[48][49][50]

전후 몇 년 동안 고층 아파트 의 발명으로 해결 된 심각한 주택 위기가있었습니다 . 이 표준화되고 조립식 아파트 블록 중 11,000 개 이상이 있으며 모스크바 인구의 대부분을 수용하여 지금까지 가장 고층 건물이있는 도시입니다. ^[51] 아파트는 공장에서 지어지고 부분적으로 가구가 비치 된 후 키가 큰 기둥에 쌓여 있습니다. 인기있는 소비에트 시대의 만화 영화 Irony of Fate는 이 건축 방법을 패러디합니다.

The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs. Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.

In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign. By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished.

1965년 5월 8일에 의한 실제 20 일에 승리의 기념일 에 세계 대전 , 모스크바의 제목을 수상했다 영웅시 . 1980 년에는 하계 올림픽을 개최했습니다 .

The MKAD (ring road) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, it hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev.

Recent history (1991–present)[edit]

같은 해 소련이 해체되었을 때 모스크바는 러시아 SFSR의 수도로 남아있었습니다 (1991 년 12 월 25 일에 러시아 SFSR은 러시아 연방 으로 개명되었습니다 ). 그 이후로 모스크바에 시장 경제가 등장하여 서양식 소매업, 서비스, 건축 및 라이프 스타일이 폭발적으로 증가했습니다.

The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

2002 년 12 월 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo 는 MKAD 의 한계를 뛰어 넘는 최초의 모스크바 지하철역이되었습니다. 19 세기 초의 가든 링 과 소비에트 시대의 외곽 순환 도로 사이의 중간에있는 제 3 순환 도로 는 2004 년에 완공되었습니다. 그린벨트는 점점 더 분열되고 있으며 주변에 위성 도시가 나타나고 있습니다. 여름 다 차는 연중 거주지로 전환되고 있으며 자동차의 확산으로 교통 체증이 심합니다. ^[52] 스탈린 시대에 철거 된 여러 오래된 교회와 기타 건축 유산의 예가 복원되었습니다 (예 : 구세주 그리스도 대성당).. In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street) urban redevelopment program^[53] or the Residency renovation one.^[54]

By its territorial expansion on July 1, 2012 southwest into the Moscow Oblast, the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.^[55][56]

Geography[edit]

Location[edit]

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). Teplostanskaya highland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet).^[57] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi).

Time[edit]

모스크바는 대부분의 유럽 ​​러시아 , 벨로루시 및 크림 공화국 에서 사용되는 시간대의 기준점 역할을합니다 . 이 지역은 국제 표준에서 모스크바 표준시 (MSK, МСК ) 로 지칭되는 방식으로 운영되며 , 이는 UTC 보다 3 시간 빠르 거나 UTC + 3 입니다. 일광 절약 시간 은 더 이상 준수되지 않습니다. 지리적 경도 에 따르면 모스크바 의 평균 태양 정오 는 12:30에 발생합니다. ^[58]

기후 [ 편집 ]

모스크바는 습한 대륙성 기후 ( Köppen : Dfb)로 길고 춥고 (러시아 기준으로는 평균 임) 겨울이 보통 11 월 중순부터 3 월 말까지 지속되며 여름은 따뜻합니다. 동부 캐나다 나 시베리아와 같이 같은 위도의 더 극단적 인 대륙성 기후는 겨울이 훨씬 더 추워서 대서양에서 여전히 상당한 완화가 있음을 시사합니다. 날씨는 도시의 −25 ° C (−13 ° F), 교외의 −30 ° C (−22 ° F)에서 겨울에 5 ° C (41 ° F) 이상으로 크게 변동 할 수 있습니다. 여름에는 10 ~ 35 ° C (50 ~ 95 ° F). ^[59]

6 월, 7 월, 8 월의 따뜻한 달의 일반적인 고온은 약 20 ~ 26 ° C (68 ~ 79 ° F)이지만 폭염 (5 월 ~ 9 월 사이에 발생할 수 있음) 중에는 주간 고온이 종종 30도를 초과합니다 ° C (86 ° F), 때로는 한 번에 1-2 주 동안. 겨울에는 평균 기온이 일반적으로 약 -10 ° C (14 ° F)로 떨어지지 만 거의 모든 겨울에는 낮 기온이 0 ° C (32 ° F) 이상으로 상승하는 따뜻한 기간이 있고 밤 기온과 함께 냉각 기간이 있습니다. -20 ° C (-4 ° F) 이하로 떨어집니다. 이 기간은 보통 1 ~ 2 주 정도 지속됩니다.

The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)^[60] at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Record high temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2014.^[61] The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid October, while snow cover lies in November and melts at the beginning of April.

평균적으로 모스크바의 일조 시간은 연간 1731 시간이며, 12 월의 최저 8 %에서 5 월부터 8 월까지 52 %까지 다양합니다. ^[62] 이 큰 연간 변동 대류 구름 형성에 기인한다. 겨울에는 대서양의 습한 공기가 차가운 대륙 내부에 응축되어 매우 흐린 상태가됩니다. 그러나 이와 동일한 대륙의 영향으로 인해 에딘버러 와 같은 유사한 위도의 해양 도시보다 여름이 상당히 더 맑습니다 . 2004 년과 2010 년 사이 평균은 1800 ~ 2000 시간 사이였으며 여름에는 더 많은 햇빛을받는 경향이 있었으며, 2014 년 7 월에는 기록적인 411 시간으로, 가능한 일조량의 79 %를 기록했습니다. 2017 년 12 월은 기록이 시작된 이래 모스크바에서 가장 어두운 달이었습니다. ^{[63] [64]}

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.7 °C (19.9 °F), in the suburbs it is about −9 °C (16 °F).^[65] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights.

Climate change[edit]

Below is the 1961–1990 normals table. The annual temperature rose from 5.0 °C (41.0 °F)^[71] to 5.8 °C (42.4 °F) in the new 1981–2010 normals. In 2019, the average annual temperature reached a record high of 7.8 °C (46.0 °F)^[72]

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming^{[citation needed]}, though by definition, climate change is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010, 2011). Along with a southern part of Central Russia,^[76][77] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F).^[78] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Moscow was 11,503,501;^[80] up from 10,382,754 recorded in the 2002 Census.^[81]

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (10,835,092 people) was:^[80]

• Russian: 9,930,410 (91.6%)
• Ukrainian: 154,104 (1.4%)
• Tatar: 149,043 (1.4%)
• Armenian: 106,466 (1.0%)
• Azerbaijani: 57,123 (0.5%)
• Jewish: 53,145 (0.5%)
• Belarusian: 39,225 (0.4%)
• Georgian: 38,934 (0.4%)
• Uzbek: 35,595 (0.3%)
• Tajik: 27,280 (0.2%)
• Moldovan: 21,699 (0.2%)
• Kyrgyz: 18,736 (0.2%)
• Mordvin: 17,095 (0.2%)
• Chechen: 14,524 (0.1%)
• Chuvash: 14,313 (0.1%)
• Ossetian: 11,311 (0.1%)
• Others: 164,825 (1.6%)
• 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.^[82]

The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "permanent residency". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 13.3 million. The number of Illegal immigrants, the vast majority originating from Central Asia, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,^[83] giving a total population of about 14.3 million.

Total fertility rate:^[84]

• 2010 - 1.25
• 2014 - 1.34
• 2015 - 1.41
• 2016 - 1.46
• 2017 - 1.38
• 2018 - 1.41
• 2019 - 1.50
• 2020 - 1.47
  • Births (2016): 145,252 (11.8 per 1000)
  • Deaths (2016): 123,623 (10.0 per 1000)

Religion[edit]

Christians form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere Russian Orthodox Church. The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has been the country's traditional religion.

Other religions practiced in Moscow include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Yazidism, and Rodnovery. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010;^[87] There are four mosques in the city.^[88]

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.^[89]

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.^[90]

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.^[91] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square,^[91] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters, seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto.^[92]

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.^[93]

Stalinist-era buildings, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskovo, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced.^[94] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years^[95] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.^[96] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.^[97] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov^[98] and Mayakovskaya metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society^[99] and Save Europe's Heritage,^[100] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.^[101]

Parks and landmarks[edit]

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.^[102] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.^[103]

Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)^[103] along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden (408,000 square metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.^[104] Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York.^[103]

Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.^[105] It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.^[103]

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year huge renovation works had been started.^[106]

Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,^[107] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.^[108] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.^[109]

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "the graveyard of fallen monuments" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.^[110] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.^[110] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

Moscow rings[edit]

Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

1. The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (Boulevard Ring), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town).^[111] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-like arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River.
2. The second primary ring, located outside the bell end of the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (Garden Ring). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.^[111]
   Moscow as viewed from the International Space Station, January 29, 2014
3. The Third Ring Road, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway.
4. The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. It will be replaced by a system of chordal highways.

Aside from aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.

September 10, 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as 14th line of Moscow Metro. The railroad itself was in use since 1907, but before the renovation, it was a non-electrified railroad for transit needs of fueled locomotives only.

Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line (Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya) is under construction and will be finished about 2023.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).

• Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga, Central Ring Road) is under construction now.

Transport rings in Moscow[edit]

Culture[edit]

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.^[112] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.^[113] The works of famous pre-Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.^[113]The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum,^[114] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.^[115] The Borodino Panorama^[116] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.

Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums^[117] 103^[118] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre^[119] as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,^[120] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard^[121] named after Yuri Nikulin.

Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.^[122] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema^[123] collection are shown regularly.

The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.

Sports[edit]

Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.^[124] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup, 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, the 1980 Summer Olympics, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 7 games total, including the final). Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice.^[125] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye.^[126] That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow,^[102] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome,^[127] founded in 1834, is the largest.

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics, with the yachting events being held at Tallinn, in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London.

The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow.

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow. Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.

The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (CEV Champions League) is VC CSKA Moscow.

In football, FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in Soviet times. PFC CSKA Moscow became the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title, the UEFA Cup (present-day UEFA Europa League). FC Lokomotiv Moscow, FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

• Otkrytiye Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow

• VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow

• VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow

• RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow

Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (CSKA) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Dinamo). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The Rhythmic Gymnastics Palace after Irina Vilner-Usmanova is located in the Luzniki Olympic Complex. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on June 18, 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov, husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m², that include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved to referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen and a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved to journalists and a hotel for athletes.^[128]

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.

Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup, a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009, the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011^[update]. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens.

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times.

MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe, having won the Futsal Champions League title once.

When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium, although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

Football clubs[edit]

Entertainment[edit]

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd, also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari, Tiffany & Co., Armani, Prada and Bentley.^[129] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs. Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.^[130]

Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on February 29, 2020.^[131][132] It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. During the construction of the park 150 acres of nature trees unique and rare animals and birds and plants on the peninsula was destroyed. The appearance is in the style of a fairytale castle similar to Disneyland. The park has 29 unique attractions with many rides, as well as pedestrian malls with fountains and cycle paths. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants and shops.

Authorities[edit]

Moscow authorities[edit]

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation, the so-called city of federal importance.

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow, which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma (city council or local parliament) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow, the mayor was appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013.

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

Federal authorities[edit]

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legislative, executive and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.

The supreme executive authority - the Government of the Russian Federation - is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation are also located in Moscow.

In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace.

Safety[edit]

According to the ranking of the safest cities made by The Economist Moscow occupies the 37th position with a score of 68,5 points percent.^[133] The general level of crime is quite low.^[134] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender and age of people in real time - and then they deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.^[135]

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations, 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.^[136] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.^[137]

Administrative divisions[edit]

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (Sergey Sobyanin). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast.^[138] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".^[55]

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.^[139]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.^[140]

Economy[edit]

Overview[edit]

Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP).^[142] As of 2017^[update], the nominal GRP in Moscow reached ₽15.7 trillion^[143][144] $270 billion (~$0.7 trillion in Purchasing Power^[145]),^[146] US$22,000 per capita(~$60,000 per capita in Purchasing Power^[145][147])

Moscow has the lowest unemployment rate of all federal subjects of Russia, standing at just 1% in 2010, compared to the national average of 7%. The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽60,000^[148] (US$2,500 in Purchasing Power^[149]), which is almost twice the national average of ₽34,000^[150] (US$1,400 in Purchasing Power^[149]), and the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.^[151][152] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

The Cherkizovskiy marketplace was the largest marketplace in Europe, with a daily turnover of about thirty million dollars and about ten thousand venders^[153] from different countries (including China, Turkey, Azerbaijan and India). It was administratively divided into twelve parts and covers a wide sector of the city. Since July 2009 it has been closed.

In 2008, Moscow had 74 billionaires with an average wealth of $5.9 billion, which placed it above New York's 71 billionaires. However, as of 2009^[update], there were 27 billionaires in Moscow compared with New York's 55 billionaires. Overall, Russia lost 52 billionaires during the recession.^[154] Topping the list of Russia's billionaires in 2009 is Mikhail Prokhorov with $9.5 billion, ahead of the more famous Roman Abramovich with $8.5 billion, in 2nd place. Prokhorov's holding company, "ОНЭКСИМ" (ONÈKSIM) group, owns huge assets in hydrogen energy, nanotechnology, traditional energy, precious metals sector, while Abramovich, since selling his oil company Sibneft to Russian state-controlled gas giant Gazprom in 2005, has bought up steel and mining assets. He also owns Chelsea F.C.. Russia's richest woman remains Yelena Baturina, the 50-year-old second wife of Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov. Oleg Deripaska, the 1st on this list in 2008 with $28 billion, was only 10th in 2009 with $3.5 billion. Based on Forbes' 2011 list of the world's billionaires, Moscow is the city with the most billionaires in the world, with 79 from 115 in all of Russia.^[155]

In 2018, Moscow was a host city to 12 games of the FIFA World Cup. The tournament served as an additional driver for the city economy, its sports and tourist infrastructure, and for land improvement in the city.

Industry[edit]

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical, metallurgy, food, textile, furniture, energy production, software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the leading producers of military and civil helicopters in the world. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir, Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs. Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash, producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race, are in nearby Khimki, an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery^[156] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including "Stolichnaya" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.^[157] The Moscow Jewelry Factory^[158] and the Jewellerprom^[159] are producers of jewellery in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory, awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and technology companies, including 1C, ABBYY, Beeline, Kaspersky Lab, Mail.Ru Group, MegaFon, MTS, Rambler&Co, Rostelecom, Yandex, and Yota.

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

Cost of living[edit]

During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s, when people were permitted to secure property rights to the places they inhabited. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city^[160] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.^{[161][162][163]} It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 square feet), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city.^[164] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.^[165]

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.^[166]

In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.^[167]

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.^[168] ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow #120 among 482 locations worldwide.^[169]

Public utilities[edit]

Heating[edit]

Heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system. Before 2004, state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) (Russian: Московская теплосетевая компания). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company.^[170]

Education[edit]

There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.^[102] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities^[102] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755.^[171] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (Sparrow Hills) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.^[172] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language.^[173]

The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; The State University of Management, and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.^[174] Since it opened enrollment to students from outside Russia in 1991, Bauman Moscow State Technical University has increased its number of international students up to two hundred.^[175]

The Moscow Conservatory,^[176] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, Eldar Ryazanov, Alexander Sokurov, Yuriy Norshteyn, Aleksandr Petrov, Vasily Shukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.^[177]

Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov, the Moscow Aviation Institute, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, Nikolay Semyonov, Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics.^[178] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.^[102] The Russian State Library,^[179] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.^[180][181]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.^[182]

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."^[183]

Transportation[edit]

Metro[edit]

The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals, mosaics, and ornate chandeliers. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).^[184]

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.^[185] Soviet workers did the labour and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunnelling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.^[186] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.^[187]

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).^[188] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.^[189]

Due to treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by fact workers of Moscow would get to see every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);^[190] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

More recently, Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin has introduced comforts ranging from WiFi and USB ports and Apple Pay — while opening new stations at a breakneck pace.^[191]

Moscow’s metro is one of the world’s busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019 ^[192]

Monorail[edit]

The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line. The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina, passing close to VVTs. The line opened in 2004. No additional fare is needed (first metro-monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge).

Bus, trolleybus and electric bus[edit]

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (Central Bus Terminal) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.^[194]

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy trolleybus system in Moscow at 2014 due to corruption and planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. At 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) was cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on November 15, 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering 200 electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019, according to expectations.^[195]

Moscow cable car[edit]

On November 26, 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River. The cable car will connect the Luzhniki sports complex with Sparrow Hills and Kosygin Street.

The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car. The cable car will work every day from 11 a.m. till 11 p.m.

The cable car is 720 meters long. It was built to transport 1,600 passengers per hour in all weathers. There 35 closed capsules designed by Porsche Design Studio to transport passengers. The booths are equipped with media screens, LED lights, hooks for bikes, skis and snowboards. Passengers will also be able to use audio guides in English, German, Chinese and Russian.

Tram[edit]

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.^[196] The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino.

There are three tram networks in the city:

• Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (0.62 miles) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
• The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to fire at Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
• Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

Taxi[edit]

Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as Yandex.Taxi, Uber and Gett displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.^[197][198]

Railway[edit]

Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's nine rail terminals (or vokzals) are:

• Belorussky Rail Terminal
• Kazansky Rail Terminal
• Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
• Kursky Rail Terminal
• Leningradsky Rail Terminal
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Rizhsky Rail Terminal
• Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
• Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal

The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metroline to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.^[199] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. There is a connecting railway line on the North side of the town that connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

Moscow Central Circle[edit]

The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016. MOZD is integrated as "Line 14 of Moscow Metro", and, while using railway-sized trains, can be perceived as "S-train-design circle line".

The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD. However, in S-bahn way, Moscow unified tickets "Ediniiy" and "Troika" are accepted by MCC stations. There is one zero-fee interchange for any ticket used on Moscow Metro station less than 90 minutes before entering an MCC station (and vice versa: a passenger of MCC gets 1 free interchange to Moscow Metro within 90 minutes after entering MCC station)

Moscow Central Diameters[edit]

Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters, a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)^[200] and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21 (e.g. November 21, 2019).

While using the same rails as "regular" suburban trains to vokzals, MCD trains ("Ivolga" model) got distinguishing features (shape; red cabin, different windows, lesser amount of seats; big red "MЦΔ" train logo (informally "ЯИЦА" train logo, due to overlap of letter M and a window: without upper left corner, M letter can be interpreted as ЯИ letters, and Δ letter can be both interpreted as stylized Д or as stylized А)).

Roads[edit]

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the cancelled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. There are several other roadway systems that form concentric circles around the city.

Air[edit]

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO), Zhukovsky (ZIA), Ostafyevo (OSF).

Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected, handling 60% of all international flights.^[201] It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput, and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. Most of Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa, Wizz Air and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.^[201]

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.^[202]

Water[edit]

Moscow has two passenger terminals, (South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Sharing system[edit]

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor Sergey Sobyanin said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.^[204] Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.^[205] Another sharing system is bike sharing (Velobike) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.^[206] The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.^[207] There are companies that provide different vehicles to the population in proximity to Moscow's big parks.

Future development[edit]

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center, with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,^[210] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in Presnensky District and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower, completed in 2016, is the second-tallest building in Europe. It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

• A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt.

Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line. It should be noted this line 4 of Moscow Metro had longest time intervals between train arrivals (approximately 8 minutes for Mezhdunarodnaya and Vystavochnaya branch of line 4) throughout 2010's. However, Vystavochnaya has been expanded with Line 8A platforms (segment of future Line 11), and Mezhdunarodnaya has been upgraded with line 14 platform.

Media[edit]

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks, radio stations, newspapers, and magazines.

Newspapers[edit]

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News, which are, respectively, the largest^[211] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant, Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

TV and radio[edit]

Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

Moscow television networks:

Moscow radio stations:

Notable people[edit]

• Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature was born in Moscow in 1799.

• Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821.

• Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730.

• Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672.

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Moscow is twinned with:

Cooperation agreements[edit]

Moscow has cooperation agreements with:

Former twin towns and sister cities[edit]

• Kyiv, Ukraine^[252]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Moscow at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785-2018
• Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
• Official Moscow Administration Site
• (in Russian) Informational website of Moscow
• Old maps of Moscow, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel, in Historic Cities Research Project